Post Type Archives: Topics

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultatively intracellular, gram-positive rod that grows over a broad temperature range, including refrigeration temperatures. This organism is motile during growth at low temperatures, demonstrating tumbling motility at low temperatures. At body temperature (37°C) it induces actin polymerization in host cell actin and forms “rocket tails” that facilitates intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spread across cell membranes, this way it avoids antibodies too.

Fragile X syndrome is the disease in which mutation occurs in a long repeating sequence of three nucleotides. Fragile X syndrome results from a mutation in the FMR1 gene, which maps to Xq27.3. FMR1 gene codes for familial mental retardation protein (FMRP). When the number of trinucleotide repeats exceeds approximately 230, the gene becomes abnormally […]

Sjogren syndrome is a chronic disease caused by immunologically mediated destruction of the lacrimal and salivary glands. It is characterized by dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dry mouth (xerostomia). Sjogren’s  syndrome is slowly progressing autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands. The major infiltrating cells in the affected exocrine glands are activated […]

Type II Hypersensitivity is an antibody mediated process in which IgG and IgM antibodies are directed against antigens on cells or extracellular material. This subsequently leads to cell lysis, tissue damage or loss of function. … … Antibodies – IgG and IgM antibodies Target antigens Intrinsic- The antigens may be normal molecules intrinsic to cell […]

Type 1 hypersensitivity is a tissue reaction that occurs within minutes after the interaction of antigen with IgE antibody bound to the surface of mast cells (sensitized mast cells). The reaction is initiated by entry of an antigen, which is called an allergen because it triggers allergy. Allergens are products for which certain individuals are […]

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by partial oculocutaneous albinism due to defects in melanin granules and recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections due to abnormalities in granulocytes. The basic defect is in microtubules resulting in fusion of lysosomal granules. All white blood cells contain abnormally giant granules. … … … What is […]

Hi brainy folks, Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It is natural process required for growth as well as maintenance of healthy state. It is mostly physiological where elimination of unwanted, old or self-reactive cell happens. Apoptosis requires ATP and the absence of inflammation is very characteristic feature differentiating it from Necrosis. Apoptosis means “falling off” […]

Necrosis VS Apoptosis, visual maps and quick details on 6 major differences in cell death by necrosis and apoptosis for basic pathology knowledge. In this week I will post about cell death and adaptations. Hope u enjoy reading these main differences, and subscribe for updates. … … … Necrosis VS Apoptosis There are 6 major […]

Engaging illustrations and quick review points for kartagener syndrome.

Congenital Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (CHPS) is the idiopathic thickening of gastric py­loric musculature which later results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction. … … Clinical presentation Symptoms typically clinically manifests between 6 to 12 weeks of age. The presentation is typical with non-bilious projectile vomiting. The hypertro­phied pylorus is palpated as an olive-sized mass in the […]