Post Type Archives: Topics

Necrosis VS Apoptosis, visual maps and quick details on 6 major differences in cell death by necrosis and apoptosis for basic pathology knowledge. In this week I will post about cell death and adaptations. Hope u enjoy reading these main differences, and subscribe for updates. … … … Necrosis VS Apoptosis There are 6 major […]

Engaging illustrations and quick review points for kartagener syndrome.

Congenital Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (CHPS) is the idiopathic thickening of gastric py­loric musculature which later results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction. … … Clinical presentation Symptoms typically clinically manifests between 6 to 12 weeks of age. The presentation is typical with non-bilious projectile vomiting. The hypertro­phied pylorus is palpated as an olive-sized mass in the […]

Mucociliary clearance is a significant innate defense mechanism against inhaled microbes and irritants. When we breath, inhaled particles such as dust and bacteria enter the airways and are constant threat causing inflammation and infection. The function of the cilia in the respiratory tract is to beat in a synchronized manner propelling mucus and substances trapped […]

Hi brainy folks, Alkaptonuria is also called black urine disease and this feature is present from birth. Over time child develops other signs and symptoms. Alkaptonuria is autosomal recessive inborn error of protein metabolism which affects phenylalanine and tyrosine degradation pathway. … It results from absence of enzyme HGD (Homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase), defect of which […]

Hi brainy folks, Kussmaul Sign is a paradoxical rise in jugular venous pressure (JVP) on inspiration, or a failure in the fall of the JVP along with inspiration. It is seen in heart disease with limited right ventricular filling due to right heart dysfunction. What happens normally- when there is inspiration there is negative intrathoracic […]

Hi brainy folks, Multiple Sclerosis is Autoimmune disease where myelin is destroyed by CD8 T cells and macrophages. Myelin degeneration affects signal transduction in affected area of brain and spinal cord. Symptoms vary according to the area affected. There are major symptoms and signs which are depicted in visual maps below. LOVDIP Uhthoff in multiple […]

Hi brainy folks, DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) is a condition where early diagnosis and prompt treatment can be life saving. Decoding DIC today 😊…. disseminated (all over the place) intravascular (within the blood vessels) coagulation (blood clots). What are the causes? Release of tissue factor is first step of coagulation cascade initiation. There are four […]

Hi brainy folks, Schatzki ring is a narrowing of the lower esophagus that can cause dysphagia. Dysphagia means difficulty in swallowing. The Schatzki ring is a small tissue fold that partially blocks the esophagus, leading to the dysphagia. Hope you enjoy visual maps … have fun !! 😍🥰 Doctors aren’t sure what exactly causes a […]

Asterixis is a type of negative myoclonus. It is a Greek word that means “not a fixed position”. Most commonly it is associated with Metabolic Encephalopathy. It was initially described as a liver flap because it was associated with hepatic encephalopathy. Not only liver failure but multiple other diseases and drugs may cause asterixis. There is a brief loss of muscle tone in agonist muscles followed by the compensatory jerk of the antagonistic muscles in asterixis. Bilateral Asterixis is most commonly associated with metabolic encephalopathy and few drugs.

Metabolic Encephalopathy – Liver failure, Azotemia, Respiratory failure, and Congestive heart failure.

Drugs – Benzodiazepines, phenytoin, and lithium.