Post Type Archives: Topics

Fetal alcohol syndrome involves developmental defects due to maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Pathophysiology The placental barrier gives free entry to ethanol and Its toxic metabolites like acetaldehyde into the fetal compartment, so whenever mommy is drinking, fetus is drinking too. The developing fetal nervous system is very sensitive to ethanol and its toxic metabolites. […]

Gout is Crystal induced arthropathy caused by monosodium urate crystals. More common in men than women. Associated with hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and old age. Hyperuricemia (>6.8mg/dl) leads to the precipitation of uric acid and the formation of needle-shaped crystals. These crystals in joint space induce inflammation.
Acute gout

The extreme pain of the affected joint. Most commonly great toe is affected, also called Podagra. Chances of uric acid precipitation are higher in extremities where the temperature is low. Sudden onset of pain typically awakes the person in the middle of the night. The painful event is commonly associated with alcohol or smoking. Toe shows all signs and symptoms of acute inflammation (redness, pain, swelling, tenderness and increased temperature).

Duchenne muscular dystrophy illustrations and theory for quick review 👇😋. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is X-linked recessive disease which causes lack of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin leading to marked striated muscle degeneration. Males have only one X chromosome and this is X linked recessive disease hence it affects males more. Females typically are carriers of […]

Osteopetrosis cartoons and illustrations in this article will help you remember and revise more efficiently. I hope you like and share them, in covid19 Era I am trying very best to create these mind maps because this is best, I can do, other than practicing social distancing and whatever protocols are being suggested. Hope you […]

Covid19 global pandemic is keeping most people locked in their homes. It is changing norms of our relationship to the outside world, to each other and the way we do things in our day to day life. This article is must read if you are interested in role of pandemics and epidemics in our society, […]

What is covid-19? Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness that can spread from person to person. The virus that causes COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China. Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS coronavirus […]

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder due to loss of function of specific genes. Prader-Willi syndrome occurs because certain paternal genes that should be expressed are not Expressed. These genes are situated on chromosome 15. Pathogenesis A set of genes on the maternal chromosome at 15q12 is imprinted (and hence silenced), so the paternal […]

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process that involves DNA methylation and histone methylation which doesn’t alter the genetic sequence but causes transcriptional silencing. Imprinting means marking a gene in the germline (sperm or ova) of the parents and which is maintained through mitotic cell divisions in the somatic cells of an organism. In simple term […]

Therapeutic hypothermia is a new treatment that increases survival and quality of life in patients suffering from ischemic insults such as stroke, cardiac arrest, and neurogenic fever following brain injury. Neuronal cells are the most sensitive cells for hypoxic injury and as soon as hypoxia sets in there is inflammation, free radical injury and excitotoxicity furthering brain damage to next level.

Autophagy is a genetically regulated pathway that is essential for survival, differentiation, development, and homeostasis of eukaryotic cell (obviously including human cell). Autophagy means self-eating (as the auto means self and phagy means eating) or self-devouring. The lysosome-mediated degradation pathway which has central role in clearing damaged organelles and recycling nutrients.   The process of […]