Post Type Archives: Topics

Aflatoxins are a group of 20 fungal-related metabolites in which aflatoxin B1, which is highly toxic to aflatoxin, is one of the known naturally occurring hepatocarcinogens. Produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus, aflatoxin is found mainly in corn, peanuts, and tree nuts; and it is a major food poisoning in low-income countries, especially in Africa and Asia.

The symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) are due to hypergastrinemia, it causes hypertrophy of the gastric mucosa, leading to increased numbers of parietal cells and increased acid output.

IgA nephropathy /Berger disease is the glomerulonephritis which is characterized by episodic hematuria and deposition of IgA in the mesangium (the hallmark of the disease). IgA nephropathy is the most common form of glomerulonephritis in adults and it affects males in the second to third decades of life (male preponderance).

Acute pyelonephritis is a suppurative inflammation of the kidney and the renal pelvis which is caused by bacterial infection.

Toxic shame is our basic flaw. You and I, we all roam around wounded, incomplete, and empty. We are continuously trying to feel complete by getting degrees, money, makeup, slim training, body parts enhancement, and the list goes on, you name it. You are turned into an insatiable consumer because of this entity called ‘Toxic […]

Drugs targeting tubulin are important anticancer, antiworm, anti-inflammatory, and antifungals. They all bind to tubulin and change the cytoskeleton of cells.

Osmotic diuretics are inert chemical substances which are freely filtered at the glomerulus but are Not Reabsorbed in proximal tubule and loop of Henle. They cause diuresis by increasing urine volume by reducing water reabsorption in proximal tubules and descending loop of Henle.

Mannitol is a prototype drug for osmotic diuretics, and it is inert chemical substance which increases osmolarity of blood and renal tubular lumen.

ZOLLINGER–ELLISON SYNDROME (ZES) Severe peptic ulcer diathesis secondary to gastric acid hypersecretion due to unregulated gastrin release from a non-β cell often well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour (gastrinoma).

Acute intestinal obstruction occurs either mechanically from blockage or functionally from intestinal dysmotility when there is no blockage. Acute intestinal obstruction accounts for ~1–3% of all hospitalizations and a quarter of all urgent or emergent general surgery admissions. Approximately 80% of cases presents with the small bowel obstruction, and 1/3rd of these patients has significant […]